AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THE DIMENSIONS OF THE GLOBALIZATIONS OF THE FLAT WORLD

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

We live in a world of unprecedented opulence of a kind that would have been hard even to imagine a century or two ago. The different regions of the globe are now more closely linked than they have ever been. Globalization in the world pretentiously used to sense this interconnectedness. This dynamic concept has made remarkable changes beyond the economic sphere. The technology in particular, has assumed a pivotal function in facilitating globalization through the creation of many full ledged soft and hard wares. New innovations have played a crucial role in the creation, multiplication, expansion and intensification of global, social interconnections and exchanges.

This rapidly proceeding social change has been put in writings also. Many theories and essays have been written by scholars, which seek to explicit and interrogate the theoretical assumptions of economic trade. It is not only writings of theories like globalization of Robertson but also practical application of it are also in written format, for instance, Joseph Stiglitz’s making globalization work.

Thus in a way, currently the term “globalization” enjoys immense popularity. It has become a key word in the theoretical and practical discourse and also in everyday language. Since globalization studies is emerging as a new field which cuts f the traditional disciplinary boundaries and calls for a interdisciplinary approach. I here undertake a tedious and daunting task to write a seminar to such a complex topic as globalization.

Chapter one of the seminar is developed by writing about the driving forces, the ideological, economic, political and cultural factors. The strong emphasis of this chapter synthesizing the various dimensions in a way that does justice to the interdisciplinarity required.

In taking globalization seriously Thomas L. Freidman’s particular perspective on the nature and the effects of contemporary forms of globalization is being interpreted and analysed. The forces on this chapter are his book The World is flat: A brief History of the globalized world in the Twenty first century.

Chapter three turns towards the theological dimension of globalization. The chapter also examines the pitfalls of this form of development. The possible conditions required to make the better out of the world is also briefly mentioned.

It is the pleasant duty to record my debts of gratitude. First of all I want to thank to the divine providence who gave energy of consistency in doing this work. Special thanks to my director Fr. Mathew Alappattumedayil. I am grateful to my colleagues and friends who supported me for research agenda. Fr. Jose Mullakkariyil deserves special recognition. He supported me with valuable information on the related topic.

CHAPTER ONE

UNMASKING GLOBALIZATION

1.0. INTRODUCTION

Globalization is an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies and cultures have become integrated through a globe- spanning network of exchange. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration and the spread of technology. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, socioculture, political and geological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational dissemination of ideas, languages or popular culture.

1.2. TOWARDS A DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION

Since its earliest appearance in the 1960s, the term ‘globalization ’has been used in both popular and academic literature to describe a process, a condition, a system, a force, and an age. Given that, these competing labels have very different meanings, their indiscriminate usage so often obscure and invite confusion. Like ‘modernization’ and other verbal nouns that end in the suffix ‘-ization’, the term ‘globalization’ suggests a sort of dynamism best captured by the notion of ‘development’ or ‘unfolding’ along discernible patterns.[1] Such unfolding may occur quickly or slowly, but it always corresponds to the idea of change, and, therefore, denotes the transformation of present conditions. Let, as have some definitions of globalization.

Anthony Giddens the director of London School of Economics says, “Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings ate shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice verse”.[2]

Ronald Robertson, professor of sociology at the University of Pittsburgh in his work defines “globalization as a concept refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole”.[3]

1.2.1 Qualities of Globalization

Four distinct qualities or characteristics lie at the core of the phenomenon.

First, globalization involves the creation [4]of new and the multiplication of existing social networks and activities that increasingly overcomes traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographical boundaries.

The second quality of globalization is reflected in the expansion and the stretching of social relations, activities and interdependencies. Today’s financial markets stretch around the globe, and electronic trading occurs around the clock.[5]

Third, globalization involves the intensification and acceleration [6]of social exchanges and activities. As Antony Giddens notes in his definition, the intensification of worldwide social relations [7]means that local happenings were shaped by events occurring far away, and vice versa. The internet relays distant information in mere seconds, and satellites provide consumers with real-time pictures of remote events.

Fourth, the creation, expansion, and intensification of social interconnections and intertdepenties do not occur merely on an objective, material level. As Ronald Robertson notes in his definition, globalization process also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness.[8] This human consciousness of social interdependence accelerated the social interactions.

Thus, globalization could be defined as a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same time fostering a human consciousness of deepening connections between the local and the distinct people all over the world.

1.3. HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

The historical origin of globalization is the subject of on-going debate. Though some scholars situate the origin of globalization in the modern era, others regard it as a phenomenon with a long history.

1.3.1. The Prehistoric Period (10,000 BCE - 3,500 BCE)

In the earliest phase of globalization, contact among thousands of hunter and gatherer bands spread all over the world they were geographically limited and mostly coincide. This fleeting mode of social interaction changed dramatically about 10,000 years ago when humans produced their own food. “As a result of food surpluses achieved by these farming societies a new social stratification was emerged.”[9] A class of full time craft specialist who directed their creative energies towards the invention of new technologies, such as powerful iron tools and beautiful ornaments made of precious metals, complex irrigational canals, and monumental building structures. The other group was comprised of professional bureaucrats and soldiers who would later play a key role in the monopolization of the means of violence in the hands of the rulers,[10] the precise accounting of food surpluses necessary for the growth and survival of the centralised state, the acquisition of new territory, the establishment of permanent trade routes, and the systematic exploration of distant regions.[11]

For the most part, however, globalization in the prehistoric period was severely limited. Advanced forms of technology capable of overcoming existing geographical and social obstacles were largely absent; thus, enduring long-distance interactions never materialized.[12] It was only towards the end of this epoch that centrally administered forms of agriculture, religion, bureaucracy, and warfare slowly emerged. This was the key agents for the intensification of social exchange, a sort of batter system.

1.3.2. The Premodern Period (3,500 BCE – 1,500 CE)

The invention of writing in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and central China between 3,500 and 2,000 _BCE roughly coincide with the invention of the wheel around 3,000_BCE in Southwest Asia.[13] Marking the close of the prehistoric period, these monumental inventions amounted to one of those technological and social boosts that moved globalization to a new level.

The premodern period was the age of empires. An early form of globalization can perceive in the trade links between the Roman Empire, the Parthian empire, and the Han dynasty.[14] The increasing articulation of commercial links between these powers inspired the development of the Silk Road, which started in Western China, reached the boundaries of the Parthian Empire and continued onwards towards Rome.

The advent of Mongol Empire, though destabilizing to the commercial centres of the Middle East and China, greatly facilitated travel along the Silk Road. This permitted travellers and missionaries such as Marco Polo to journey successfully and profitably from one end of Eurasia to the other. The so-called ‘Pax Mongolica’[15] of the twelfth centaury had several other notable globalizing effects.

“This period witnessed the creation of the first international postal service, as well as the rapid transmission of epidemic disease such as bubonic plague across the newly unified regions of Central Asia.”[16] The pre-modern phases of global or hemispheric exchange are sometimes known as archaic globalization

1.3.3. The Early Modern Period (1500-1700)

The term modernity has become associated with the 18^th –centaury European Enlightenment project of developing objective science, achieving a universal form of morality and law, and liberating rational modes of thought and social organizations from the perceived irrationalities of myth, religion, and political tyranny. [17] The label early modern, then, refers to the period between the Enlightenment and the Renaissance. [18] During these two centuries, Europe and its social practices served as the primary catalyst for globalization.

Global integration continued through the expansion of European trade in the 16^th centaury, when the Portuguese and Spanish Empires colonized the Americas, followed eventually by France and England. Globalization has had a tremendous impact on cultures, particularly indigenous cultures, around the world.[19] European powers turned their expansionistic desires westward, searching for a new profitable sea route to India, and established national joint stock companies like the Dutch and British East India for setting up profitable overseas trade posts. In the 16^th centaury, Portugal’s Company of Guinea was one of the first charted commercial companies established by the Europeans in other continent during the Age of Discovery, whose task was to deal with the spices and to fix the prices of the goods, it laid the foundation of what later scholars would call the ‘capitalist world system’.[20]

In the 17^th centaury, globalization became a business phenomenon when the British East India Company (founded in 1600), which often described as the first multinational corporation, was established, as well as the Dutch East India Company (founded in 1602), and the Portuguese East India Company (founded in 1628). Because of the large shares of stock: an important driver for globalization.[21]

1.3.4. The Modern Period (1750-1970)

By the late 18^th century, Australia and the Pacific islands were slowly incorporated into the European-dominated network of political, economic and cultural exchange. The vast population of these regions became ready consumers of European imperial exports. Meanwhile, the conquest of new parts of globe, notably sub-Saharan Africa, by the European powers yielded valuable natural resources such as rubber, diamonds, and coal and helped fuel trade and investment between the European imperil powers, their colonies, and the United States. [22]

The 19^th contrary witnessed the advent of globalization in something approaching its modern form. Industrialisation permitted the cheap production of household items using economies of scale, while rapid population growth created sustained demand for commodities and manufactures. Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth century imperialism after the Opium Wars and the completion of the British conquest of India. The telegraph and its transatlantic reach after 1866 provided for the telephone and wireless radio communication, prompting newly emerging communication corporations and advertising slogans in celebration of a world ‘inextricably bound together’.[23]

The 20^th century arrival of mass circulation newspapers and magazines, film, and television further enhanced a growing consciousness of a rapidly shrinking world. The 20^th century intercontinental air transport managed to overcome the last remaining geographical obstacle to the establishment of a genuine global infrastructure by lowering transportation costs. The final death knell for this phase of globalization came during the gold standard crisis and Great depression in the late 1920s and early 1930s. John Maynard Keynes says that the first phase of “modern globalization” began to break down at the beginning of the 20^th century with the First World War.[24]

1.3.5. The Contemporary Period (from 1970)

Globalization is not a single process but a set of processes that operate simultaneously and unevenly on several levels and in various dimensions.

1.3.5.1. The Economic Dimension of Globalization

“Economic globalization refers to the intensification and stretching of economic interrelations across the globe”.[25] Gigantic flows of capital and technology have stimulated trade in goods and services. Markets have extended their reach around the world, in the process creating new linkages among national economies. Huge transnational corporations, powerful international economic institutions, and large regional trading systems have emerged as the major building blocs of the 21^st century’s global economic order.

“Contemporary economic plan be traced back to the gradual emergence of a new international economic order assembled at an economic conference held towards the end of World War II in the sleepy New England town of Bretton Woods”[26].

Globalization, since World War 2, is largely the result of planning by politicians to break down boarders hampering trade to increase prosperity and interdependence thereby decreasing the chance of future war. [27]Their work led to the Bretton woods conference, an agreement by the world’s leading politicians to lay down the framework for international commerce and finance, and the founding of several international institutions intended to oversee the processes of globalization.[28] Bretton Woods also set the institutional foundations for the establishment of three new international economic organizations.

These institutions include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), and the International Monetary Fund. Globalization has been facilitated by advances in technology that have reduced the costs of trade, and trade negotiation rounds, originally under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which led to a series of agreements to remove restrictions on free trade. In 1995, the World Trade Organization was founded as the successor organization of GATT.

Thus, Globalization generally refers to economic integration. Economic integration occurs when countries lower barriers such as import tariffs and open their economies up to investment and trade with the rest of the world.

TTTTTTTTThe notion of multidimensionality appears, as an important attribute of globalization in definitions, still it requires further elaborations.

1.3.5.2. The Political Dimension of Globalization

Political globalization refers to the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe.[29] These processes raise an important set of political issues pertaining to the principle of state severity, the growing impact of intergovernmental organizations, and the future prospects for regional and global governance. Obviously, these themes respond to the evolution of political arrangements beyond the framework of the nation-state, thus breaking new conceptual ground.[30] After all, for the last few centuries, humans have organized their political difference along territorial lines that generate a sense of belonging to a particular nation-state.

Contemporary manifestations of globalization have led to the partial permeation of these old territorial boarders, in the process also softening hard conceptual boundaries and cultural lines of demarcation. Emphasizing these tendencies, commentators belonging to the camp of hyperglobalizers have suggested that the period since the late 1960s was been marked by a radical ‘deterritorialization’ of politics, rule, and governance.[31]

1.3.5.3. The Cultural Dimension of Globalization

“Cultural globalization refers to the intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe.”[32] Obviously, culture is a very broad concept; it is frequently used to describe the whole of human experience.[33] In order to avoid the ensuing problem of overgeneralization, it is important to make analytical distinctions between aspects of social life. In the matter of culture it is concerned with the symbolic construction, articulation, and dissemination of meaning.[34] The exploding network if cultural interconnections and interdependencies in the last decades have led some commentators to suggest that cultural practices lie at the very heart of contemporary globalization.[35]

The contemporary experience of living and acting cultural borders means both the loss of traditional meanings and the creation of new symbolic expressions. To a large extant, the global cultures flows of our time are generated and directed by global media emprises that rely in powerful communication technologies to spread their message. “The internet is associated with the process of cultural globalization because it allows interaction and communication between people with very different lifestyles and form very different cultures”.[36] Photo sharing websites allow interaction even where language would otherwise be a barrier. The internet break down cultural boundaries across the world by enabling easy, near-instantaneous communication between people anywhere in variety of digital forms and media.

Thus, globalization accelerated the culturalization of the social life. Moreover, culture is an arena differentiated from economics and politics.

1.3.5.4. The Ideological Dimension of Globalization

“An ideology can be defined as a system of widely shared ideas, patterned beliefs, guiding norms and values, and ideals accepted as truth by a particular group of people”.[37] Ideologies offer individuals a more is less coherent picture of the worked not only as it is, but also as it ought to be.[38] In doing so, they help organize the tremendous complexity of human experience into fairly simple , buts frequently distorted , images that serve as guide and compass for social and political action[39]. These simplified and distorted ideas are often employed to legitimize certain political interests or to defend dominant power structures. “They speak to their audience in stories and narratives that persuade, praise condemn, distinguish ‘truths’ from falsehoods, and separate the good from the bad”.[40] They imbues society with their preferred norm and values, ideologist present the public with a circumscribed agenda to things to discuss, claims to make and questions to ask.

Thus, ideology connects theory and practice by orienting and organizing human action in accordance with generalized claims and codes of conduct.

1.4. CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION

No singe ideology ever enjoys absolute dominance. The dominant ideological claims and peoples actual experience may usher in a crisis for the dominant paradigm. At such a time, dissenting social groups find it easier to convey to the public their own ideas, beliefs, and practises. Particularist protectionism and Universalist protectionism are the major challenging ideological claims against globalization .

1.4.1. Particularist Protectionism

Particularist protectionism includes groups who blame globalization for most of the economic, political, and cultural ills off lifting their home countries or regions. Threatened by the slow erosion of old social patterns, Particularist denounces free trade, the power of global investors, the neoliberal agenda of multinational corporations (extreme corporate profile tragedies that widens global disparities in wealth and well-being).[41] Fearing the loss of national self-determination and the destructions of their cultures, they pledge their traditional ways of life from those foreign elements they consider responsible for unleashing the forces of globalization. “Particularist protectionists are most concerned with the well-being of their own citizens than with the construction of a more equitable international order based in global solidarity”. [42]

1.4.2. Universalist Protectionism

These groups point to the possibility of constructing a new international order based in a global redistribution of wealth and power. Universalist protectionism claim to be guided by the ideals of equality and social justice for all people in the world, not just the citizens of their own countries. They accurse globalist elites of pushing policies that are leading to greater global inequality, high levels of unemployment, environmental degradation, and the demise of social welfare. “Calling for a ‘globalization from below’ (favouring the marginalized and poor), they seek to protect ordinary people all over the world from a ‘globalization from above’ (Neoliberals)”.[43]

1.5. PRO-GLOBALIZATION (Globalism)

Supporters of democratic globalization are sometimes called pro-globalist. They believe that the first phase of globalization, which was market-oriented, should be followed by a phase of building global political institutions representing the will of world citizens.[44]

The difference from other globalist is that they did not define in an advance any ideology to orient this will, but would leave it to the free voice of those citizens via a democratic process.[45]

Supporters of the free trade claim that it increases economic prosperity as well as opportunity, especially among developing nations, enhance civil liberties and lead to a more efficient allocation of recourses. “Economic theories of comparative advantage suggest that free trade leads to a more efficient allocation o f resources, with all countries involved in the trade benefiting, in general, this leads to lower prices, mire employment, higher output and a higher standard of living for those developing countries.”[46] Proponents of laissez-faire capitalism, and some libertarians, say that higher degrees of political and economic freedom in the form of democracy and capitalism in the developed world are ends in themselves and produce higher levels of material wealth.[47] They see globalization as the beneficial spread of liberty and capitalism.

Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets. The problem with this claim is that the globalist message if liberalizing and integrating markets is only realisable through the political[U1] [U2] project of engineering free markets. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible. Because it is described in large evolutionary process. Optimistic hyperglobalizers often use globalization as a euphemism that stands for the irreversible Americanization of the world.

CONCLUSION

This attempt is like the ancient Buddhist parable of the blind scholars and their encounter with the elephant. Through this chapter, I attempted to attain an adequate definition of globalization by drawing out some common insights that was available. The fact is that there remain several areas of contestation. After all, globalization is an uneven process, meaning that people living in various parts of the world are affected very differently by this gigantic transformation of social structures and cultural zones.

CHAPTER ONE

UNMASKING GLOBALIZATION

1.0. INTRODUCTION

Globalization is an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies and cultures have become integrated through a globe- spanning network of exchange. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration and the spread of technology. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, socioculture, political and geological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational dissemination of ideas, languages or popular culture.

1.2. TOWARDS A DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION

Since its earliest appearance in the 1960s, the term ‘globalization ’has been used in both popular and academic literature to describe a process, a condition, a system, a force, and an age. Given that, these competing labels have very different meanings, their indiscriminate usage so often obscure and invite confusion. Like ‘modernization’ and other verbal nouns that end in the suffix ‘-ization’, the term ‘globalization’ suggests a sort of dynamism best captured by the notion of ‘development’ or ‘unfolding’ along discernible patterns.[48] Such unfolding may occur quickly or slowly, but it always corresponds to the idea of change, and, therefore, denotes the transformation of present conditions. Let, as have some definitions of globalization.

Anthony Giddens the director of London School of Economics says, “Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings ate shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice verse”.[49]

Ronald Robertson, professor of sociology at the University of Pittsburgh in his work defines “globalization as a concept refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole”.[50]

1.2.1 Qualities of Globalization

Four distinct qualities or characteristics lie at the core of the phenomenon.

First, globalization involves the creation [51]of new and the multiplication of existing social networks and activities that increasingly overcomes traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographical boundaries.

The second quality of globalization is reflected in the expansion and the stretching of social relations, activities and interdependencies. Today’s financial markets stretch around the globe, and electronic trading occurs around the clock.[52]

Third, globalization involves the intensification and acceleration [53]of social exchanges and activities. As Antony Giddens notes in his definition, the intensification of worldwide social relations [54]means that local happenings were shaped by events occurring far away, and vice versa. The internet relays distant information in mere seconds, and satellites provide consumers with real-time pictures of remote events.

Fourth, the creation, expansion, and intensification of social interconnections and intertdepenties do not occur merely on an objective, material level. As Ronald Robertson notes in his definition, globalization process also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness.[55] This human consciousness of social interdependence accelerated the social interactions.

Thus, globalization could be defined as a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same time fostering a human consciousness of deepening connections between the local and the distinct people all over the world.

1.3. HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

The historical origin of globalization is the subject of on-going debate. Though some scholars situate the origin of globalization in the modern era, others regard it as a phenomenon with a long history.

1.3.1. The Prehistoric Period (10,000 BCE - 3,500 BCE)

In the earliest phase of globalization, contact among thousands of hunter and gatherer bands spread all over the world they were geographically limited and mostly coincide. This fleeting mode of social interaction changed dramatically about 10,000 years ago when humans produced their own food. “As a result of food surpluses achieved by these farming societies a new social stratification was emerged.”[56] A class of full time craft specialist who directed their creative energies towards the invention of new technologies, such as powerful iron tools and beautiful ornaments made of precious metals, complex irrigational canals, and monumental building structures. The other group was comprised of professional bureaucrats and soldiers who would later play a key role in the monopolization of the means of violence in the hands of the rulers,[57] the precise accounting of food surpluses necessary for the growth and survival of the centralised state, the acquisition of new territory, the establishment of permanent trade routes, and the systematic exploration of distant regions.[58]

For the most part, however, globalization in the prehistoric period was severely limited. Advanced forms of technology capable of overcoming existing geographical and social obstacles were largely absent; thus, enduring long-distance interactions never materialized.[59] It was only towards the end of this epoch that centrally administered forms of agriculture, religion, bureaucracy, and warfare slowly emerged. This was the key agents for the intensification of social exchange, a sort of batter system.

1.3.2. The Premodern Period (3,500 BCE – 1,500 CE)

The invention of writing in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and central China between 3,500 and 2,000 _BCE roughly coincide with the invention of the wheel around 3,000_BCE in Southwest Asia.[60] Marking the close of the prehistoric period, these monumental inventions amounted to one of those technological and social boosts that moved globalization to a new level.

The premodern period was the age of empires. An early form of globalization can perceive in the trade links between the Roman Empire, the Parthian empire, and the Han dynasty.[61] The increasing articulation of commercial links between these powers inspired the development of the Silk Road, which started in Western China, reached the boundaries of the Parthian Empire and continued onwards towards Rome.

The advent of Mongol Empire, though destabilizing to the commercial centres of the Middle East and China, greatly facilitated travel along the Silk Road. This permitted travellers and missionaries such as Marco Polo to journey successfully and profitably from one end of Eurasia to the other. The so-called ‘Pax Mongolica’[62] of the twelfth centaury had several other notable globalizing effects.

“This period witnessed the creation of the first international postal service, as well as the rapid transmission of epidemic disease such as bubonic plague across the newly unified regions of Central Asia.”[63] The pre-modern phases of global or hemispheric exchange are sometimes known as archaic globalization

1.3.3. The Early Modern Period (1500-1700)

The term modernity has become associated with the 18^th –centaury European Enlightenment project of developing objective science, achieving a universal form of morality and law, and liberating rational modes of thought and social organizations from the perceived irrationalities of myth, religion, and political tyranny. [64] The label early modern, then, refers to the period between the Enlightenment and the Renaissance. [65] During these two centuries, Europe and its social practices served as the primary catalyst for globalization.

Global integration continued through the expansion of European trade in the 16^th centaury, when the Portuguese and Spanish Empires colonized the Americas, followed eventually by France and England. Globalization has had a tremendous impact on cultures, particularly indigenous cultures, around the world.[66] European powers turned their expansionistic desires westward, searching for a new profitable sea route to India, and established national joint stock companies like the Dutch and British East India for setting up profitable overseas trade posts. In the 16^th centaury, Portugal’s Company of Guinea was one of the first charted commercial companies established by the Europeans in other continent during the Age of Discovery, whose task was to deal with the spices and to fix the prices of the goods, it laid the foundation of what later scholars would call the ‘capitalist world system’.[67]

In the 17^th centaury, globalization became a business phenomenon when the British East India Company (founded in 1600), which often described as the first multinational corporation, was established, as well as the Dutch East India Company (founded in 1602), and the Portuguese East India Company (founded in 1628). Because of the large shares of stock: an important driver for globalization.[68]

1.3.4. The Modern Period (1750-1970)

By the late 18^th century, Australia and the Pacific islands were slowly incorporated into the European-dominated network of political, economic and cultural exchange. The vast population of these regions became ready consumers of European imperial exports. Meanwhile, the conquest of new parts of globe, notably sub-Saharan Africa, by the European powers yielded valuable natural resources such as rubber, diamonds, and coal and helped fuel trade and investment between the European imperil powers, their colonies, and the United States. [69]

The 19^th contrary witnessed the advent of globalization in something approaching its modern form. Industrialisation permitted the cheap production of household items using economies of scale, while rapid population growth created sustained demand for commodities and manufactures. Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth century imperialism after the Opium Wars and the completion of the British conquest of India. The telegraph and its transatlantic reach after 1866 provided for the telephone and wireless radio communication, prompting newly emerging communication corporations and advertising slogans in celebration of a world ‘inextricably bound together’.[70]

The 20^th century arrival of mass circulation newspapers and magazines, film, and television further enhanced a growing consciousness of a rapidly shrinking world. The 20^th century intercontinental air transport managed to overcome the last remaining geographical obstacle to the establishment of a genuine global infrastructure by lowering transportation costs. The final death knell for this phase of globalization came during the gold standard crisis and Great depression in the late 1920s and early 1930s. John Maynard Keynes says that the first phase of “modern globalization” began to break down at the beginning of the 20^th century with the First World War.[71]

1.3.5. The Contemporary Period (from 1970)

Globalization is not a single process but a set of processes that operate simultaneously and unevenly on several levels and in various dimensions.

1.3.5.1. The Economic Dimension of Globalization

“Economic globalization refers to the intensification and stretching of economic interrelations across the globe”.[72] Gigantic flows of capital and technology have stimulated trade in goods and services. Markets have extended their reach around the world, in the process creating new linkages among national economies. Huge transnational corporations, powerful international economic institutions, and large regional trading systems have emerged as the major building blocs of the 21^st century’s global economic order.

“Contemporary economic plan be traced back to the gradual emergence of a new international economic order assembled at an economic conference held towards the end of World War II in the sleepy New England town of Bretton Woods”[73].

Globalization, since World War 2, is largely the result of planning by politicians to break down boarders hampering trade to increase prosperity and interdependence thereby decreasing the chance of future war. [74]Their work led to the Bretton woods conference, an agreement by the world’s leading politicians to lay down the framework for international commerce and finance, and the founding of several international institutions intended to oversee the processes of globalization.[75] Bretton Woods also set the institutional foundations for the establishment of three new international economic organizations.

These institutions include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), and the International Monetary Fund. Globalization has been facilitated by advances in technology that have reduced the costs of trade, and trade negotiation rounds, originally under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which led to a series of agreements to remove restrictions on free trade. In 1995, the World Trade Organization was founded as the successor organization of GATT.

Thus, Globalization generally refers to economic integration. Economic integration occurs when countries lower barriers such as import tariffs and open their economies up to investment and trade with the rest of the world.

TTTTTTTTThe notion of multidimensionality appears, as an important attribute of globalization in definitions, still it requires further elaborations.

1.3.5.2. The Political Dimension of Globalization

Political globalization refers to the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe.[76] These processes raise an important set of political issues pertaining to the principle of state severity, the growing impact of intergovernmental organizations, and the future prospects for regional and global governance. Obviously, these themes respond to the evolution of political arrangements beyond the framework of the nation-state, thus breaking new conceptual ground.[77] After all, for the last few centuries, humans have organized their political difference along territorial lines that generate a sense of belonging to a particular nation-state.

Contemporary manifestations of globalization have led to the partial permeation of these old territorial boarders, in the process also softening hard conceptual boundaries and cultural lines of demarcation. Emphasizing these tendencies, commentators belonging to the camp of hyperglobalizers have suggested that the period since the late 1960s was been marked by a radical ‘deterritorialization’ of politics, rule, and governance.[78]

1.3.5.3. The Cultural Dimension of Globalization

“Cultural globalization refers to the intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe.”[79] Obviously, culture is a very broad concept; it is frequently used to describe the whole of human experience.[80] In order to avoid the ensuing problem of overgeneralization, it is important to make analytical distinctions between aspects of social life. In the matter of culture it is concerned with the symbolic construction, articulation, and dissemination of meaning.[81] The exploding network if cultural interconnections and interdependencies in the last decades have led some commentators to suggest that cultural practices lie at the very heart of contemporary globalization.[82]

The contemporary experience of living and acting cultural borders means both the loss of traditional meanings and the creation of new symbolic expressions. To a large extant, the global cultures flows of our time are generated and directed by global media emprises that rely in powerful communication technologies to spread their message. “The internet is associated with the process of cultural globalization because it allows interaction and communication between people with very different lifestyles and form very different cultures”.[83] Photo sharing websites allow interaction even where language would otherwise be a barrier. The internet break down cultural boundaries across the world by enabling easy, near-instantaneous communication between people anywhere in variety of digital forms and media.

Thus, globalization accelerated the culturalization of the social life. Moreover, culture is an arena differentiated from economics and politics.

1.3.5.4. The Ideological Dimension of Globalization

“An ideology can be defined as a system of widely shared ideas, patterned beliefs, guiding norms and values, and ideals accepted as truth by a particular group of people”.[84] Ideologies offer individuals a more is less coherent picture of the worked not only as it is, but also as it ought to be.[85] In doing so, they help organize the tremendous complexity of human experience into fairly simple , buts frequently distorted , images that serve as guide and compass for social and political action[86]. These simplified and distorted ideas are often employed to legitimize certain political interests or to defend dominant power structures. “They speak to their audience in stories and narratives that persuade, praise condemn, distinguish ‘truths’ from falsehoods, and separate the good from the bad”.[87] They imbues society with their preferred norm and values, ideologist present the public with a circumscribed agenda to things to discuss, claims to make and questions to ask.

Thus, ideology connects theory and practice by orienting and organizing human action in accordance with generalized claims and codes of conduct.

1.4. CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION

No singe ideology ever enjoys absolute dominance. The dominant ideological claims and peoples actual experience may usher in a crisis for the dominant paradigm. At such a time, dissenting social groups find it easier to convey to the public their own ideas, beliefs, and practises. Particularist protectionism and Universalist protectionism are the major challenging ideological claims against globalization .

1.4.1. Particularist Protectionism

Particularist protectionism includes groups who blame globalization for most of the economic, political, and cultural ills off lifting their home countries or regions. Threatened by the slow erosion of old social patterns, Particularist denounces free trade, the power of global investors, the neoliberal agenda of multinational corporations (extreme corporate profile tragedies that widens global disparities in wealth and well-being).[88] Fearing the loss of national self-determination and the destructions of their cultures, they pledge their traditional ways of life from those foreign elements they consider responsible for unleashing the forces of globalization. “Particularist protectionists are most concerned with the well-being of their own citizens than with the construction of a more equitable international order based in global solidarity”. [89]

1.4.2. Universalist Protectionism

These groups point to the possibility of constructing a new international order based in a global redistribution of wealth and power. Universalist protectionism claim to be guided by the ideals of equality and social justice for all people in the world, not just the citizens of their own countries. They accurse globalist elites of pushing policies that are leading to greater global inequality, high levels of unemployment, environmental degradation, and the demise of social welfare. “Calling for a ‘globalization from below’ (favouring the marginalized and poor), they seek to protect ordinary people all over the world from a ‘globalization from above’ (Neoliberals)”.[90]

1.5. PRO-GLOBALIZATION (Globalism)

Supporters of democratic globalization are sometimes called pro-globalist. They believe that the first phase of globalization, which was market-oriented, should be followed by a phase of building global political institutions representing the will of world citizens.[91]

The difference from other globalist is that they did not define in an advance any ideology to orient this will, but would leave it to the free voice of those citizens via a democratic process.[92]

Supporters of the free trade claim that it increases economic prosperity as well as opportunity, especially among developing nations, enhance civil liberties and lead to a more efficient allocation of recourses. “Economic theories of comparative advantage suggest that free trade leads to a more efficient allocation o f resources, with all countries involved in the trade benefiting, in general, this leads to lower prices, mire employment, higher output and a higher standard of living for those developing countries.”[93] Proponents of laissez-faire capitalism, and some libertarians, say that higher degrees of political and economic freedom in the form of democracy and capitalism in the developed world are ends in themselves and produce higher levels of material wealth.[94] They see globalization as the beneficial spread of liberty and capitalism.

Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets. The problem with this claim is that the globalist message if liberalizing and integrating markets is only realisable through the political[U3] [U4] project of engineering free markets. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible. Because it is described in large evolutionary process. Optimistic hyperglobalizers often use globalization as a euphemism that stands for the irreversible Americanization of the world.

CONCLUSION

This attempt is like the ancient Buddhist parable of the blind scholars and their encounter with the elephant. Through this chapter, I attempted to attain an adequate definition of globalization by drawing out some common insights that was available. The fact is that there remain several areas of contestation. After all, globalization is an uneven process, meaning that people living in various parts of the world are affected very differently by this gigantic transformation of social structures and cultural zones.

CHAPTER –TWO

An Overview of the Friedman’s The World Is Flat

2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter is an attempt to present a personal view of the concepts of globalization. For this analytical study I came up with the journalist Thomas L Freidman and his works. The World is Flat: a Brief History of the Twenty First Century is a terrifically stimulating internationally best selling book by Thomas L. Friedman. It explains the forces that dramatically shrunk the world. The book was first released in 2005 was latter released as an updated and expanded editions in 2006. The title was derived from a statement by Nandan Nilekani; the former CEO of Infosys.

2.1. ABOUT THE AUTHOR

· T. L. Friedman is one of the most respected and influential journalists, renowned for his expertise on international affairs and economic issues.[95] Educated in Boston, Jerusalem, Cairo and Oxford, he joined The New Times as a reporter in 1981. Since then he has won the Pulitzer Prize three times for his work there and has traveled all over the globe. Friedman is also the author of the international bestselling books from Beirut to Jerusalem (the winner of the US National book award, now used as a basic textbook on the middle east in many schools andd universities), The Lexus and the Olive tree, his first acclaimed book on globalization, and Longitudes and Attitudes, a collection of reportage and reflections following 11 September 2001.[96] He lives in Bethesda, Maryland, with his family.

2.2. SUMMARY

In this book, Friedman draws his travels to India, china, and Middle East exposing to the technological developments and flattering concepts. He realized globalization has changed core economic concept of these countries. Globalization has levelled the playing fields between the individual and emerging market countries. In his opinion there are ten elements that flattered the world.[97] These ten elements are certain innovation in technological field which comprises of insourcing, outsourcing, offshoring, uploading, and blogging. etc…

The first three flatteners are the rudimentary ones because they are unique these three are the basic platforms in which other ones build up.[98]

Friedman calls the following six flatteners as collaborated flatteners. He calls them “uploading, outsourcing, offshoring, supply-chaning, insourcing, and informong. These all are collaborative because if these function together they are the real reason for the flatten world.[99]

2.2.1. Flattener # One: Collapse of Berlin Wall

When the wall was fall down, a new age of creativity emerged. Many were oriented to the liberating free market government.[100] The fall of the Berlin wall did not just help flatter the alternatives to free market capitalism and unlock enormous pent-up energies for hundreds of millions of people in places like India, Brazil, china, and the former soviet empire. Friedman says that the wall was not only blocking our way but also blocking our sight to see the world as one single community. The fall of the wall paved the for a common standard in standard adopted for banking etc[101]…thus the common standard create a flatter, more level playing field. When the standard itself provided to the world stage much more adopted it.

2.2.2. Flattener # Two: Netscape

Net is a real flattener. It made the internet alive. When the net became alive different people want net for different purpose. It made internet accessible to everyone from five year old to ninety-five years old. In a metaphoric way, Friedman says it made Bangalore a suburb of Boston.[102] This Netscape boom packed to digital explosion. Digitization is that magic process by which words, files, film could be accessed on a computer screen by all people all over the world. In Friedman’s words, the webpage began to sing and dance.[103] When more people get connected and interacted it flattened the earth a little bit more. It is what email doing about, browsing in Amazon, Google and eBay doing about.

2.2.3. Flattener # Three: Work Flow Software

When the walls went down, and then the pc and Netscape browser enabled people to connect with each other people as never before, it did not take long before all the people who were connecting wanted to do more than just browse and send email, instant message, pictures and music over this internet platform. It enabled more people in more places to design things, create things, sell things, buy things, display, manage and collaborate on business data previously handled manually: the first break through workflow was actually the combination of the pc and email. It is concept that changing large chunks of data into byte-size packets.

Friedman calls this era globalization 3.0. in his book Friedman includes the labour of typist all centre operators, accountants to computer programmers , pacca house to mallistoried building for Friedman they all are the integral parts the makes the global complexity flat.[104] Then flatteners only cover a small portion of the book. Friedman makes and shows list. This is the easiest way to communicate points more clearly and preciously. These ten flatteners and three points of convergence are two sample of listing technique.

2.2.4. Flattener # Four: Uploading

Uploading makes everybody global authors. It is a new found data mobilizing technique with an internet access. Everybody authors’ songs, authors’ stories, makes video but Friedman focus mainly on three forms of uploading. Community developed software, Wikipedia and Blogging.[105]

2.2.4.1. Community Developed Software

It is a decentralized collaborative development of soft ware. There is no hierarchical order in this. Community developed software only happens in a flat platform. There role in this world is to build the roll and infrastructure so that one from India, china or wherever as a consultant, as an employee, or just some one sitting at home, can collaborate.

2.2.4.2. Blogging

Soon after the community developed software movement getting momentum world witnessed another self-organized form of upload. A blog is your own personal virtual soapbox,[106] where you can get up every morning and, in form of a column or a newsletter or just a screed, you can tell the world what you think about a subject world consider blog as a daily information gathering routine. To Friedman the next generation is competing with traditional journalism.[107]

2.2.4.3. Podcasting

The audio version of blogging is called podcasting Friedman say nobody is going to be a passive listeners or viewer every body own music production and selling softwares.[108]

2.2.4.4. Wikipedia-Community Uploaded Content.

Wikipedia is a digital encyclopaedia, which is your own you can edit it your own you can add articles, videos, and images related to it. It’s a project started by Jimmy Waler. The word wiki is a Hawaiian word for ‘quick’.[109] This website allows us to edit. Wiki has recently started wikionary, wilkiquotes etc.

2.2.5. Flattener # Five: Outsourcing

Internet and fiber optic cable had created the possibility of a whole new form of collaboration and horizontal value creation. Outsourcing. Any service call centre, business support operation or knowledge work that would be digitalized could be sourced globally to the cheapest smartest most efficient provider. Using fiber optic-cable-connected workstations, any technician could get under the hood of another companies computer and do all the adjustments, [110] even though they were located halfway around the world for Friedman. India makes use of it. India is already prepared by efficient engineer to get new forms of collaboration. In addition, it was Y2K upgrading [111] a tedious work done by Indians in the field of outsourcing. Outsourcing means taking some specific, but limited, function that your company was doing in house such as research call centres or accounts receivable- and having another company perform that exact same function for you and then reintegrating their work back in to your overall operation.

2.2.6. Flattener # Six: Offshoring

The internal relocation of a company’s manufacturing or other processes to a foreign land in order to take advantage of less costly operates there.[112] If India took advantage in level of outsourcing, it was china by there entrance in WTO in 2001 took the level in off shoring. [113] This meant that foreign companies are able 15 sell virtually anything anywhere in china. Malaysia, Thailand, Ireland, Mexico, Brazil and Vietnam, are the few countries that compete with china to have business off shore to them.

2.2.7. Flattener # Seven: Supply-Chaning

For Friedman supply chaning is like streams feeding into powerful lives. For Friedman when the world is flat, a company can take advantage in two ways; by making use of the best producer at the lowest price at anywhere they can be found.[114] For Friedman the best example is supply changing is the world’s biggest retailer Wal-Mart.[115] A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving or a service from supplier to customer. Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials and components finished product that is delivered to the end customer. In sophisticated supply chain systems, used products may re-enter the chain at any point where residual value is recyclable. Supply chains link value chains.[116]

2.2.8. Flattener # Eight: Insourcing

Friedman used United Parcel Services as an example for insourcing.[117] They not only deliver packages but also repairs Toshiba computers. Insourcing is a whole new form of collaboration and creating values horizontally, made possible by the flat world and flattering it even more.[118] Once the world went flat, the small could act big [119] small companies could see lot of places where they could sell manufacture goods. The benefit is that a company need not want touch it product from raw material to finished good, they need not want even to collect money. Insourcing make that much deep collaboration and huge trust between consumer and producer

2.2.9. Flattener # Nine: Informing

Never before in the history of the planet have so many people- their own- had the ability to find so muc information about sop many things and about so many other people, writes Friedman.[120] Search engines like Google,[121] Yahoo[122] and MSN web[123] are total equalizer. Search engine is a huge flattener. It makes easily available the entire world’s knowledge in every language. Friedman collaborate search engine in to a flattener like outsourcing, uploading by calling it as informing. For Freidman “informing is the ability to build and deploy your own personal supply chain of information”.[124] It is also a self collaboration you are self directed to an ocean. It inform about global communities, it inform us the details of our friends. It is a growing self service area and does a flattening function.

2.2.10. Flattener # Ten: Steroids

For Friedman the tenth flattener is digital gadgets like mobile phone,[125] iPods.[126] Friedman lists the steroids. The first steroid is computing composed of three things computational capability, storage capacity and input/ output storage. The second is file sharing with one another online. It is fastened by freely downloadable file-sharing programs. The third one is making phone calls over the internet by VoIP voice over internet protocol. The fourth steroid is videoconferencing. The flat panel screen for videoconferencing makes world flat. The sixth one includes all wireless technologies and similar gadgets.

· 2.3.CONVERGENCE

· After the arrival of the flattener, a new business model was required to succeed while the flattener alone were significant, they would not enhance productivity with out people being able to use all these together.[127] Since this collaborative flattener created a leveled playing field a horizontal collaboration was happened rather than a vertical one. A top to down method [128] was changed where top brings innovations. For adding value creation and innovation people and companies have to collaborate with other departments or companies are horzontalization[129] for Friedman. Horizontalization and collaboration[130] will make create an attitude that each is smarter than every person.

· 2.3.1. CONVERGENCE FIRST

· Up until 2000, the ten flatteners were quasi independent from one another, an example of independence in the ability of one machine to perform multiple functions. When work flow software and hardware conveyed, numerous functions such as electronic mail, fax, and printing, coping, scanning and communicating were able to be done from one machine. However, around the year 2000, all the flatteners converges one another. In the time being these independent factors became complementary goods. Friedman makes a connotation here. The fall of the Berlin wall, the up level of personal computer, Netscape, workflow software, off shoring, uploading, in sourcing, supply chaining, infirming and the steroids reinforced one another like complementary goods.[131] This convergence of the ten flatteners had created a new playing field which is a global platform for collaborative innovations.

2.3.2. CONVERGENCE SECOND

· After the emergence of the ten flatteners, a new business model was required to succeed. While the flatteners alone were significant, they would not enhance productivity without people being able to use them together. Instead of collaborating vertically business needed to begin collaborating horizontally. Horizontalization means companies and people collaborate with other departments of companies to add value creation or innovation. Friedman’s Convergence II occurs when horizontalization[132] and the ten flatteners begin to reinforce each other and people understand the capability of the technologies available.

· 2.3.3.THIRD CONVERGENCE

· After the fall of Berlin wall, countries that had followed the soviet economic model including India, Russia and china and Middle East began to open up their economics to a wider horizon.[133] This new convergence added more brain power for collaborative functioning. It made horizontal collaborative across the globe. The third convergence gave many people across to all the tools of collaboration, innovation[134] and all sorts of discoveries.[135]

· 2.4. SECOND HALF IS FOR AMERICA

· From the second part of the American perspective in introduced Friedman by stating an India situation suggest to American government that free trade is to be controlled.[136] Friedman expresses his dreath what Indian technician would take over the American companies. This section is mainly focused on free trade.

·

· 2.4.1.FREE TRADE

· “Free trade assures the public that the elimination for reduction of existing trade barriers among nations will enhance consumer choice, increase global health, secure peaceful international relations, and spread new technologies around the world.”[137] Friedman is afraid that free trade might lead to a significant loss of American jobs.[138] For citing this, he quotes David Ricardo for saying that more individuals that are American will be better off if we don’t erect barriers to outsourcing, supply changing and off shoring than of we do.[139] He also beliefs that free trade agreements with low wage countries are responsible for driving down wages in the United States. Friedman ends it by a rather combative note; American leaders are warned not to be caught off guard by the arguments of antiglobalist forces.

· 2.5. INDIA-the talent pool

The World Is Flat begins in Bangalore, birthplace of India's high-tech economy, where Friedman meets highly educated graduates who are thriving on "outsourcing" from American businesses: not just workers in call centres but accountants who know all local tax regulations, executive assistants who will research and prepare PowerPoint presentation, software designers, and aircraft engineers. His comment is like this

· Indians and Chinese are not racing us to the bottom. They are raising us to the top- and that is a good thing. They want high standards of living. No sweatshop, they want brand names not junk: the want to trade in their motor scooter. For ears, and their pens and pencils for computers. And the more they do that the high they climb. The more room is created at the top because the more they have. [140]

· 2.5.1. Right brains from India

· There are many Indians represented in the book of Friedman. They illumine the country by there intellectual brain and makes the world flat.

· Nandan Nilekani the CEO of Infosys has told to Friedman that the world has become flatter than ever. Friedman calls him as “one of the most thoughtful and respected captains of the Indian Industry.” [141] The employees at this glass and steel building are making software programs for American and European companies.

· Another Indian entrepreneur, Jerry Rao, explained to Friedman why his accounting firm in Bangalore was able to prepare tax returns for Americans. (In 2005, an estimated 400,000 American I.R.S. returns were prepared in India.)

· ''Any activity where we can digitize and decompose the value chain, and move the work around, will get moved around. Some people will say, 'Yes, but you can't serve me a steak.' True, but I can take the reservation for your table sitting anywhere in the world,'' Rao says. He ended the interview by describing his next plan, which is to link up with an Israeli company that can transmit CAT scans via the Internet so that Americans can get a second opinion from an Indian or Israeli doctor, quickly and cheaply. [142]

· Rajesh Rao, the marketing manager of the Global Edge, an Indian software designer in Bangalore comment is that “a few years ago nobody in America wanted to talk to us, now they are eager.” [143]

Abraham George [144] is another India who is coming in the book in a pompous ways by his simplicity. He is an individual who step out of his context and set a different example of service and greater imagination. Who runs a journalist school for the lower caste in Bangalore the answer by Friedman is Abraham George.[145]

The emergence of Bangalore as the capital of India’s information technology sector is the reason why Friedman is so much attached to India. Friedman imagines that once her granddaughter will ask him’ is India the place where all the software came from?”[146]

In the words of Friedman every Indian guy wanted to be “an astronaut, a doctor, a pediatrician, a poetess, physics and chemistry, a scientist and an astronaut, a surgeon, a detective, an author.”[147] All dreams possible in action.

· 2.5.2. Out sourcing and prepared Indians

· Until recently Indian were second buyers.[148] Now Indians are the first buyers of all the fiber optic cables. It is because of the lady luck started to shine on India by the late 1990s. The millennium bug called the Y2K computer crisis.[149] To solve the problem there needed many talented and learned professionals. The Y2K bug was a result of computers internal clock. When the clock hit January 1.2000 the computer clock with six digital capacity show 01/01/00 instead of 01/01/2000, because of this many think it as 1900 all over again. For doing this tedious job computerized industries turned to Indian IT providers.[150] This created an enormous respect to Indian IT providers. Thus Louis Pasteur’s saying came meaningful that fortune favours the prepared mind.

· 2.5.3. THE MUSLIMS IN INDIA

India is the second largest Muslim country in the world with 150 Million Muslims.[151] Friedman interrelate this with the 11/9 incidents. Nobody hears about a Indian Muslim waiting to fly airplanes into the Taj Mahal. It is because the secular free market, democratic context of India, heavily influenced of nonviolence and Hindu tolerance. The following intention will convey it more easily.

One boy asked his father one day why the Indian half of the family seemed to be doing better than the Pakistani half. His father said to him. “Son, when a Muslim grows up in India and he sees a man living in a big mansion high on a hill, he says, ‘father, one day, I will be that man.’ And when a Muslim grows up in Pakistan and sees a man living in a big mansion high on a hill, he says, ‘Father, one day I will kill that man’.[152]

2.5.4. FRIEDMAN - The modern COLUMBUS

As Columbus started voyage to find the shortcut sea route to India. Friedman also compares himself as Columbus was in search of Magical Spice Land for gold, pearls, gems and silk. Friedman says he too was searching for India’s riches.[153] The difference here is the rich manual labor. When Columbus set sail, he apparently assumed the earth was round, but after the journey to India Friedman realized that the world is not round, it is flat flattened than ever. If Columbus was searching for hardware, Friedman is in search for softwares. Columbus search for hardware was precious stones, metals, silks and spices. Friedman’s search was brainpower, complex algorithms, knowledge workers, call centers, transmission protocol, and break-through in optical engineering-“the source of wealth of our day.”[154]

·

· 2.6. THE UNTOUCHABLES

· Generally the word untouchables are pointing towards Indians. For getting perhaps the lowest social class in India. But the model of the world is changed in a world flat platform companies are adjusting to major changes. Thus the Friedman gives new interpretations a new meaning to the word untouchables. People whose jobs cannot be outsourced, digitized, or automated. It also point toward American youth because the coorled gets flatters and anything can be diglized, automated or out.[155]

· 2.7. THE PARADOXICAL CHAPTER THE UNFLAT WORLD.

· Nobel prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz in his book “Making globalization work writes

· Friedman is right hat there have been dramatic changes in the global economy, ion the global land scape, in some directions, the world is much flatter than it has ever been, with those in various parts of the world being more connected than ever before, but the world is not flat ….not only is the world not flat; in many ways it has been getting less flat for some f the poorest countries of the world.[156]

· For Friedman the reason for unflat world is primary the misuse of electronic flatteners.[157] A slight mentioning of the poor countries is included. Friedman’s hope is that more people in more places will use them to create, collaborate, and grow the living standards, not the opposite. He confesses that the world is not flat. But the titling the book the world is flat only to draw attention to its quickening phase.[158] The factors that make unflat world are following.

·

· 2.7.1Too Sick

· Many are in the line of the flat world and bad news is that many are not in the line of hope. The usual India, Africa, China, Latin America have plenty of dark corners. They have hope either because they are too sick or internal contradiction of local governments peoples with HIV-AIDS, Malaria, TB, and polio are those among the first category.[159] Alcoholism, female infanticide and crime make the developing world unflat. Friedman appreciates the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation[160] for the personal commitment of money to address the unflat world.

· 2.7.2.Too Disempowered

· These are people living in between the flat and unflat world. “They are in a large group aware that the world around them is flattening. They are healthy and even have a chance to go on to the flat world.[161] What they lack is proper tool and guidance and infrastructure.

· 2.7.3.Too Frustrated

· The flat world put different society and cultures in a greater contact with each other. It connects people much faster that ever before. Arab Muslim community is not ready for open conversation and contact.[162] If openness has once allowed women will be empowered, thy will get freedom of through and many fundamental and extremist do not want to have the existing system.

·

· 2.8. The Dell Theory of Conflict to build up Prevention

· This theory relates with how conflict prevention occurred between India and Pakistan. Nuclear stand of in 2002, where India was at risk of losing it, partners. [163] The cited example for this theory is relationship between china and Taiwan. The economic interdependence between two world countries makes global supply Chain Corporation like Dell.

· It does not mean that deeply involved supply chain shall no do war with each other. It means that the government and citizens for that country are aware of the big loss which may be used for profitable production. [164]

· 2.9. Friedman’s Literary Style

· Freidman as a journalist thrust for clear vision. It is why he makes exposures to the different land to take situation in hand. He studies circumstances and exact situation. If we analysis further we could find certain particular style.

(1) Freidman as a traveler has friends across the globe. Innumerable real life incidents are included in the bulky book. Nandan Nelikani the chairman of infosys, goggle cofounders Sergey Brin, Bill Gates Microsoft chairman.

(2) Friedman as an economist makes a commendable job of steering clarity of mind –boggling statistical information and engaging the reader with his occasional witty statement. For example, “when you lose your job, the unemployment rate is not 5.2%; its 100percent.’ is one sentence worth remembering.”[165]

(3) Friedman as an author of many international bestselling books shares what he learns in an impressive way devoid of jargons. It has some elements of humor, empathy and information. His choice of the words is both apt and simple. For instance, “girls wake up; Indians and Chinese kids are starving for your job.”[166] It has a satire and inspiring warmth.

· Use of the satirical terms. They are not prominent in the first few chapters as in a subsequent ones such as “China is eating Mexico’s lunch”[167] etc. he touches irony and satire without losing sincerity and seriousness to the subject

· 2.9.1. Use of Language

· The biggest strength of this book is the easy language with which the author conveys his ideas. The title of the book is apt it conveys the whole core of the book. Really the language used by Friedman enables the reader to understand how the world became flat and its consequences. The book is not intended to be read not just by social scientist but also by the layman. Thus it aims at an answering to the disturbing questions posed by antiglolbalist. For those trying to understand globalization the world is flat is a good book to start off with.

·

· 2.10. Structural Analysis As A Non Fiction

· Generally a non fiction work should be informing or inspiring. Moreover this two it has a structure which writes might follow. This book is a scholarly monographi by the great columnist

· 2.10.1. Non Fictional Interviews

· The steering of this book is the interviews done by the author. Generally a book in a non fiction grade should have interviews. The work related to the flat world gets its beauty by the direct involvement of the great personalities. For that Friedman sat down with Jim Barksdale, the former CEO of Netscape, Tim Berners Lee the creator of the first web site, Russian born Google cofounder Sergey Brin so on the list goes. The notable and frequently mentioned one is Nandan Nilekani the former CEO of Infosys.

· 2.10.2. First Hand Information

· Friedman in his book uses much first hand information. In the chapter the dell theory of conflict prevention displays the data of their production places of the company. It was a data collected by thirteen days. For a book that is largely about business, corporations, and technological changes, the author makes much statistical information. The historical data of developing products of the traditional car manufacture Rolls-Royce is presented in a simple logic. The data was directly collected from the Sir John Ross, chief executive of Rolls-Royce.

·

· 2.10.3. Scholarly Monographs

The chief executive officers of Fortune 500 companies, Mexican ex-presidents, U.S. secretaries of state and military generals, Japanese financial consultants and Indian and Chinese ministers of trade inhabit Friedman's flat world.

·

· 2.10.4. Documentations

· Friedman repeatedly uses lists as an organizational device to communicate key concepts and often with a provocative label. Two example lists are the ten forces that flattened the world and three points of convergence.

· Conclusion

· The chapter is for expressing a personal vision of a cheer leader of globalization through his many books. The book world is flat explains complex phenomenon in simple terms. He is right that there have been dramatic changes in the global economy; in the global landscape; in some directions, the world is flatter than it has been before. Jargons used by Friedman are common in the globalized world which is often heard in digital field. It was this analytical study that fuelled the energy in me to hunt more digitalized realities in the global world up to date. The lucid explanations for the forces that flattened the world have wide future. So as I conclude I call Friedman as a motivator who motivates individuals to become up to date and make a win-win situation because nobody rules in a horizontal world.

·

CHAPTER 3

THEOLOGICAL DIMENSION OF GLOBALIZATION

3.0. INTRODUCTION

· Much is written about globalization from a social, economic, political and cultural perspective, surprising little has come from the filed of Christian Theology. Most of the available literature has come from ethical circles. Though globalization provides potentials humanizing voice but sometimes the undercurrents have dehumanizing order. It in needed to examine in more depth whether this human face is fitting for God in global context.

· Here I am going to describe the Christian theological vision, which helps us construct an alternative vision for the emerging market system with an expanse of human values.

· Since economical, social and cultural upheaval is significant to human kind the primary challenge of Christian theology is to foster the globalization, which makes solidarity.

3.1. CATHOLIC SOCIAL TEACHINGS

· Globalization raises an array of moral issues. The legacy of catholic social teaching offers “ethical coordinates”[168] that may prove useful in guiding globalization in a manner that advances the human good. At the same time the new social context being shaped by globalization demands that the tradition of Catholic Social Teachings undergo development in order to adequately addressees the changing global reality.

·

3.1.1. POPULORUM PROGRESSIO (The Development of Peoples)

Populorum Progressio is the encyclical written by Pope Paul VI on the topic of “The Development of Peoples” and by that, the economy of the world should serve humankind and not just the few. It released on March 26, 1967.[169]

It touches on a variety of principles of Catholic Social Teachings; the right to a just wage; the right security of employment; the right of fair and reasonable working conditions, the right to join a union and strike as a last work; and the universal destination of recourses and goods.[170]

3.1.2. SOLLICTUDO REI SOCIALIS (On Social Concerns)

It is an encyclical written by Pope John Paul II on 30 December1987. Sollictudo Rei Socialis was written in regard to ‘social concern’ for the 20^th anniversary of Populorum Progressia.[171] John Paul II was of course obliged to be polite about his predecessor’s encyclical. But it is worth nothing that in Sollictudo Rei Socialis is there is almost no mention of the novel economic measures explicitly endorsed by Paul VI.

3.1.3. MATER ET MAGISTRA (Christianity and Social Progress)

On May 15, 1961 Pope John XXIII released Mater Et Magistra subtitle Christianity and social progress. This encyclical expanded the Church’s social doctrine to cover the relations between rich and poor nations examining the obligation of rich country to assist poor country while respecting their particular culture. [172]

3.1.4. GADDIUM ET SPES (Joy and Hope)

The pastoral constitution on the Church on the modern world Constitution resulting from the Second Vatican Council. The document is an overview of the Church’s catholic teaching about man’s relationship to society, especially in reference to economic, poverty, social justice, culture, science and techniques and ecumenism. [173]

3.1.5. CARITAS IN VERITATE (The Fire of Love and The Wisdom of Truth)

Caritas in Veritate is the 3^rd encyclical of Pope Benedict XVI and his first social encyclical. It was signed on June 29, 2009 and was published in July 7, 2009.

3.1.5.1 Reflections of the Former Work

· The social encyclical Caritas in Veritate (Love in Truth) promulgated by Pope Benedict XVI on 29 June 2009, focuses an integral human development based on an analysis of the inseparable connection between love and truth. It was released on the eve of the G 8 summit held in L’Aquile Italy during the severe global recession principally caused by a crisis of moral values in the economy. “Caritas in Veritate looks with Christian faith at the complex problems of human development and challenge governments, corporate houses, politicians, public officials and individuals to evaluate their economic responsibilities in the light of love governed by truth.” [174] It challenges institutions and individuals to replace false ideologies and greed for profit with people centered ethics and concern for the poor, essential for the proper functioning of the global economy. St Pauls saying inspire the encyclical: “Speaking the truth in love we are to grow up in every way in to him who is the head, in to Christ”.[175] It has been said that the most decisive point of departure of the encyclical is this God is love and god is truth.

· The encyclical continues the reflection in the global dimension of the social problem of Paul VI’s Populorum Progressio (1967) and John Paul II Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (1987). For Pope Benedict is conversed that is the “the Rerum Novarum of the present age”, shedding light upon humanities journey towards unity (8)[176]. It still is very relevant today in a world divided between people of wealth and people of hung. There can be no peace when the human situations of hunger, poverty and the lake of necessities afflict the majority of the population. Populorunm Progressio is a call to global unity, to draw all people together, in every part of the world, to over come the disunity and the basic inequalities on humankind.

3.1.5.2. Fresh Reading of Populorunm Progressio

· Pope Benedict offers the fresh reading of Populorunm Progressio, calling for reforms in the economic and social order to narrow the gap in the development of peoples. Inequalities in the world can no longer be tolerated; lasting global solutions are required urgently. Ethical values are essential to overcome the current global crisis and to promote a real development of all people. The encyclical offers a message of hope to humanity, namely, that is possible to transform the world and to progress in justice and love in the economic and social field.[177] Every economic decision, says the Pope, has moral consequences, and just laws enacted through the political processes must regulate economic activity. Caritas in Veritate provided a rich understanding of the nature of integrate social development especially in contract of globalization. Love in truth is the principle behind true development. The entire social doctrines of the church revolve around the principle Caritas in Veritate (6).[178] The church’s social teaching is the proclamation of the truth of Christ is love in society (5). [179] Truth and love are planted by god in the heart and mind of every person. “Only with love illumined by reason and by faith is it possible to achieve goals of development endowed with humane and humanizing values. If love is at the heart of the Church’s social doctrine a Christianity of love without truth would degenerate in to sentimentality and leave no place for god in the world. The integral human development of all people has need of truth.

3.1.5.3. The Logic of Giving In Global Worlds

· The Pope explains the interplay between two key social concepts of the church’s social teaching, namely justices and the common good. He reminds us that are intrinsic to love- that is, justices in not divorced form, but presupposes, love. To desire the common good and to strive towards it in a requirement of justices and love. Love demands justices when it recognizes and respects the right of people. But love goes beyond justice and competing it by the logic of giving and forgiving, because to love is to give, (6)[180] and to keep giving. To love someone is to desire that person’s goods to take steps to secure it. “The grate challenge before us in this global era is to direct all economic activity towards the pursuit of the common good, for which the political community must take particulars responsibility.”[181]

· Market don’t operate in moral vacuum without internal forms of solidarity and mutual trust, the market will not fulfill its proper economic function. Economic system has to relay upon a culture of trust and a commitment to the common good.

3.1.6.4. Unconditional Gift

· The theme of gratuitousness runs through the encyclical Caritas in Veritate helps us to realize that society has no future if the experience of gift is lost. The human person is made for gift. Truth which is itself gift is the same way as love, is greater than we are (34).[182] Truth and love are both gratuitous gifts of God given to each of us. In our relationship in civil society, this principle of gratuitousness and gift as an expression of fraternity must find its place within the economic, social and political activities. The Pope challenges the different economic and political players to replace the logic of economics and of politics with the logic of the unconditional gift - an economic of gratuitousness and fraternity which fosters solidarity and responsibility towards justices and the common good.[183] The logic of the market is giving in order to acquire; the logic of the state is giving though duty: but the logic of gratuitousness and communion will create for us a society based on solidarity and social responsibility a profound from of economic democracy (38).[184] Pope Benedict's concept of "gratuitousness" or "giftedness", which reminds people "not to consider wealth ours alone" and asks the wealthy to "be ready to put (the money) in service for the good of others."

3.3. CRUCIAL CHALLENGES

· The encyclical responds it crucial challenges of today. It addresses issues of dehumanizing, deprivation, food insecurity, violence, corruptions, abortions sterilizations, euthanasia, embryo research, religious freedom, secularization, terrorism, fundamentalism, exploitation of renewable resources, sex tourism, exclusive reliance on technology and an inhuman humanism which denies God.[185] Pope Benedict succinctly states that a morally responsible openness to life represents rich social and economic resources.

3.3.1. Ethics Taking a Back Seat

· “Globalization has created an ethical vacuum in the world where market success and failure have tented come the ultimate standard of behaviors.” The survival of fittest culture and focus on short term profit has red to feverish competition[186] among companies. In additional personal greed of the executives has led to unprecedented number of unethical and illegal practices and endemic corruption. Today we have records. The World Bank estimates that one trillion US dollars are paid out each year as bribes in the world.[187]

3.3.2. Creation of Family Insecurities

· Greatest awareness about gender equality and concerted efforts initiated for the empowerment of women are the positive factors of globalization. However, these is a global revolution in the way family, marriage, gender equality, relationship and connectedness with other are perceived (Gidden’s).[188] The traditional family system is bearing formed and they are under tremendous strain. The practice of abortion poses as serious challenge to the protection and promotion of life. Though the practice has been there from very ancient times, it has shot up to large proportions in recent times owing to the contributory influence of socio – economic- biotechnology [189]legal and cultural factors. Modern society places man in a network of relations which are complex.[190] It reduces man to a purely biological entity. This makes no respect to human dignity. Thus he sacrifice human for his own sake

3.3.3. Erosion of Cultural and Traditional Value

· The increasing reach of the global media and entertainment industry is placing stress on traditional cultures and values, sense of affection and solidarity of local community. A strong consumer culture is being created in world in the midst of extreme poverty where a large section of the people goes to bed without even a square meal a day.[191]

3.3.4. Market Fundamentalism

· Tradition and fundamentalism are inseparably connected. Fundamental group like ethnic, nationalistic and religious and strugglers come in to being in any sphere where traditional beliefs and practices are becoming corroded (Giddens). One of theologies central and critical task is to help unmask our world’s operative idolatries.[192] In the context of globalization Christian theology challenges not only religions funded realism but also a virtually inquisitorial “market fundamentalism”[193] that apostatizes the values of capital above all other values. Demander much of today’s[194] society and creation the idols that enslave us. In place of under standing human life in the light of a monotheistic faith. That inverted the current would order through the economy of grace the consume culture fosters the notion that he answers in a “money theistic” faith that batterers the status quo and fund its redemption only through the economy of ours accuses global system.

· Money theism idolization of capital expressed as the work ship of the god of the market place, is often practical through the unties of the gods market and the liturgies of global capitations. The idolaters of money not one greedily conurbation global Justice , but it also an housed in a fundamental theological and anthropology also precisely people in terms of material wealth and financial métiers often at the expense of peoples in one’s spatula capital.

3.3.5. Environmental Insecurities

· Certain highly polluting sectors and old technologies are being transformed from the developed countries to the poor countries. Stricter environmental protection in the west is contributed to the building up of dangers waste is the Third World turning them in to background of developed countries.

3.3.6 Sense of Sinlessness

The sense of sin in today's world should be even more acute than before, since the effects of sin are often widespread. “If yesterday sin had a rather individualistic dimension, today it has an impact and resonance that is above all social, because of the great phenomenon of globalization.”[195] In effect, attention to sin is a more urgent task today, precisely because its consequences are more abundant and more destructive. Among the "new sins" that have emerged in recent times, are genetic experiments and several global biotechnology progresses are on going, cloning stem cells research fatal experimenters etc.

3.4. TRINITARIAN VISION FOR GLOBALIZED WORLD

Trinitarian doctrine touches on virtually every aspect of Christian faith, theology. In Christian theology the Trinitarian doctrine is featured with relationship in the language of bible, of early Christian creeds, and of Greek and Latin theology prior to the fourth century is “economic” (Oikanomia, divine management of earthly affair).[196] Unseen god makes covenant to the people it is a metaphysical nature of god.[197]

3.4.1. Development of Trinitarian Doctrine

Though there are many biblical annotation of the doctrine of trinity such as Christ is sent by Christ of that all may be returned to God. [198]

Dogmatic documents took place gradually by the shit in relationship to we to relationship to each other. It was by the writings of origin (died: 225) formulated an economic Trinitarian theology that presents the three person as a plurality of god. The successor put trinity in crystal writing.

3.4.1.1. St. Augustine (354-430)

St. Augustine’s view of trinity is embarked in his work De Trinite. [199] In his view of the trinity, Augustine emphasized that there are not three gods but one. These form a divine unity of one and the same substance in an indivisible equality. In this trinity “what is said to of each is also said to all, on account of the indivisible working of the one and same substance.”[200] He established a metaphysical ground for the Christian’s three fold experience of God. In the fathers, the believer knows God as source of being; in Christ, the redeemer; and in the Holy Spirit the sanctifier.[201] All know each and each know all. Each all in a community but is different.

3.4.1.2. St. Aquinas (1225-1274)

Thomas brought all the elements of the Trinitarian theologies of his predecessors into a synthesis consonant with Aristotelian philosophy. [202]Thomas shows how relations as subsistent are constitutive of persons. Thomas considers each person separately but discusses how they know each other. Every particular is expressed in a person that means all in God have personality. Divine person signifies relation as essential.[203] And each divine personality lives in relation to each others. He also points that divine personalities has a qualifying relationship of excellent manners than person in general.

3.4.1.3. Fr. Karl Rahner (1904-1984)

His Theory on the “economic” and “immanent” unity is dealt with in an article on the economic Trinity.[204] The economic trinity is the immanent Trinity for Rahner. For this Karl introduce Divine self communication.[205] For him the self communication is a communication to humanity in word and sprit.[206]

3.5. WRESTRING WITH RELIGION AND ECONOMICS

To explore the discussion between Christian Religions and modern economic theory different perspective has been analysed so far. Trinity is the key to open the door of economic system for Christian religion. A sustainable development should be a development with freedom[207], for this a Trinitarian vision on economy is needed. Each should be traced as separate and as a whole. An alternative vision for globlized world is thus Trinitarian vision which has a father son relation with passive spiritualization.[208]

A communion is based in logic of heart and human friendship. In a communion it has self respect and aims at all common good. It is not communism. Marxian ideology considers religion as an enemy for their socialist revolution. The Trinitarian vision is different from this. The alternative vision can make economic sustainability by truthfulness, faithfulness and through other centeredness.

The spiritual awareness that emerges from an intense awareness of this relatedness will have the power to take people respect and transform the world.[209] Humans, who are created in the image of God, are called to love and take care of everything and realize that they and the world are interdependent and interrelated.

3.6. CONCLUSION

· Since globalization bring us into ever- increasing contact with religious difference, the commitment to a cosmopolitan vision requires Christian theologians to affirm the necessity of caring not only about ‘our own” but also those who are different. Christian theologian should reach beyond Christian audience and should affect the people of different levels outside the church. Vocabulary should be same, present it in new manner which is easily understandable in this easily accessible world. To communicate with the generation under the globalization use all the opportunities available. Make conversation which widens our circle. Make wonder with the theological stick in the global world.

·

General conclusion

First chapter is a critical examination of the five central claims of globalization suggests that in it is ideological in the sense that which politically motivated for making a sustainable economy in the multi cultural universe.

The second chapter dwelt with Thomas L Friedman’s vision of globalized world in the twenty first centaury. In his eyes the world is flat of course the world is not flat anymore but it is not round. The flat doesn’t mean equal. It means equalizing because the flattening forces are empowering more and more individuals today to reach farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before that is the equalizing power and the equalizing opportunity by giving so many people the tools and ability to connect, compete and collaborate.

Third chapter deals with a less studied subject the theological dimension of globalization. The central concern in the theological question is ultimately not about efficiency or profitability but about human life and human freedom. Christian theologies principle task in the modern world is not to reject globalization but to humanize it, to make it more risk –averse to human costs than to financial costs and above all to challenge people to become more interested in the human and spiritual assets of global community than in the financial and material portfolio of individual being.

Globalization is not a fully formed and developed reality; it is in the process of coming to be. Second, globalization is not predetermined by impersonal forces that are beyond human influence; it is a reality that will be shaped by human choice and action. Finally globalization precisely as a set of processes that are humanly guided is subject to ethical assessment and such evaluation does not presume globalization right or wrong.

After doing this work I would like to mention as a seminarian some suggestive things to make a better world possible through the process of globalization provide source for family for strengthening the communication of the commitment to christen values and life style. Think globally and act locally. Christen communities action should be inflected on both local and global situations. Improve social education in Sunday church school, use innovative procedures for making them aware of the positive possibility in a globalized world without losing values. And they could avoid gap between articulated Christianity and lived Christianity. Otherwise the future papal documents of social teaching will fall upon deaf ears.

Moreover I understood that globalization is not a fully developed process and it is not beyond human forces because human choice and action shapes it.

Furthermore I become more and more aware of that Buddhist parable of the blind men and elephant which illustrate the nature of globalization. Since the blind scholars did not know what the elephant looked like, they resolved to obtain a mental picture, and thus the knowledge they desired, by touching the animal. Feeling its trunk, one blind man argued that the elephant was likely a lively snake. Another man, rubbing along its enormous leg, likened the animal to a rough column of massive proportions. The third person took hold of its tail and insisted that the elephant resembled brush. The fourth man felt its sharp tusks and declared it to be like a great spear. Each of the blind scholars held firmly to his own idea of what constituted an elephant.

Now I conclude by echoing the words shared by my friend “as society becomes globalized, it makes us neighbors but does not make us Brothers.”

ALAPATTUMEDAYIL, M., Benedict Pathinaraman Marppapayude Satyathil Sneham: Bhashyavum Bhashanthravum

(Trans Kottayam, 2009)

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CAVANAUGH, W., “To Migrant, Tourist, Pilgrim, and Monk: Mobility and Identity in a Global Age” in Theological Studies Issue. 2 Vol. 69 (2008) 340-356

CRUZ, G. T., “Between Identity and Security: Theological Implications of Migration in the Context of Globalization” in Theological Studies Issue. 2 Vol. 69 (2008) 357-375

FLETCHER, J. H., “Religious Pluralism in an Era of Globalization: The Making of Modern Religious Identity” in Theological Studies Issue. 2 Vol. 69 (2008) 394-411

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[2] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 10.

[3] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization: Social Theory And Global Culture (Sage publications,1992) 8.

[4] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization: Social Theory And Global Culture (Sage publications,1992) 9.

[5] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 11.

[6] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization (Sage publications, 1992) 8.

[7] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 10.

[8] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization: Social Theory And Global Culture (Sage publications,1992) 9.

[9] http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[10] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 20.

[11] Cf. M. WATERS, Globalization (London, 1996) 13.

[12] M. WATERS, Globalization (London, 1996) 13.

[13] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 21.

[14] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[15] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 23.

[16] M. WATERS, Globalization (London, 1996) 16.

[17] J. H. HACKER, Encyclopaedia of Knowledge (USA, 1993) 201.

[18] Cf. S. FETZER, The World Book Encyclopaedia (New York, 1969) 303.

[19] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture (Sage publications, 1992).

[20] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 29.

[21] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[22] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 30.

[23] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 30.

[24] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[25] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 37.

[26] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2008) 37.

[27] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[28] Cf. M. WATERS, Globalization (London, 1996) 66.

[29] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2008) 56.

[30] Cf. M. WATERS, Globalization (London, 1996) 96.

[31] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[32] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization: Social Theory And Global Culture (Sage publications,1992)86

[33] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization: Social Theory And Global Culture (Sage publications,1992)95

[34] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[35] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 56.

[36] http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[37] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 93.

[38] Cf. M. WATERS, Globalization (London,1996) 105

[39] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 93.

[40] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 93.

[41] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 96.

[42] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 96.

[43] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 96.

[44] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[45] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[46] J. PETERS – H. VELTMEYER, Globalization Unmasked (London, 2001) 74

[47] Cf. J. PETERS – H. VELTMEYER, Globalization Unmasked (London, 2001) 77.

[48] M. WATERS, Globalization (Sage publications, 1992) 2.

[49] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 10.

[50] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization: Social Theory And Global Culture (Sage publications,1992) 8.

[51] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization: Social Theory And Global Culture (Sage publications,1992) 9.

[52] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 11.

[53] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization (Sage publications, 1992) 8.

[54] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 10.

[55] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization: Social Theory And Global Culture (Sage publications,1992) 9.

[56] http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[57] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 20.

[58] Cf. M. WATERS, Globalization (London, 1996) 13.

[59] M. WATERS, Globalization (London, 1996) 13.

[60] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 21.

[61] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[62] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 23.

[63] M. WATERS, Globalization (London, 1996) 16.

[64] J. H. HACKER, Encyclopaedia of Knowledge (USA, 1993) 201.

[65] Cf. S. FETZER, The World Book Encyclopaedia (New York, 1969) 303.

[66] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture (Sage publications, 1992).

[67] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 29.

[68] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[69] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 30.

[70] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 30.

[71] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[72] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 37.

[73] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2008) 37.

[74] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[75] Cf. M. WATERS, Globalization (London, 1996) 66.

[76] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2008) 56.

[77] Cf. M. WATERS, Globalization (London, 1996) 96.

[78] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[79] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization: Social Theory And Global Culture (Sage publications,1992)86

[80] Cf. R. ROBERTSON, Globalization: Social Theory And Global Culture (Sage publications,1992)95

[81] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[82] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 56.

[83] http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[84] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 93.

[85] Cf. M. WATERS, Globalization (London,1996) 105

[86] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 93.

[87] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 93.

[88] Cf. M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 96.

[89] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 96.

[90] M. B. STERGER, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (oxford, 2008) 96.

[91] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[92] Cf. http://tapsearch.com/globalization (access 23. 10. 2009).

[93] J. PETERS – H. VELTMEYER, Globalization Unmasked (London, 2001) 74

[94] Cf. J. PETERS – H. VELTMEYER, Globalization Unmasked (London, 2001) 77.

[95] http/en/.wikepedia/T. L. Friedman (accesses on 15/12/2990)

[96] T. L. Friedman the world is flat: a brief history of the twenty first century (London, 2006) iv

[97] T. L. Friedman the world is flat: a brief history of the twenty first century (London, 2006) iv

[98] T. L. Friedman the world is flat: a brief history of the twenty first century (London, 2006) 201

[99] T. L. Friedman the world is flat: a brief history of the twenty first century (London, 2006) 201

[100] T. L. Friedman the world is flat: a brief history of the twenty first century (London, 2006) 52

[101] T. L. Friedman the world is flat: a brief history of the twenty first century (London, 2006) 59

[102] T. L. Friedman the world is flat: a brief history of the twenty first century (London, 2006) 53

[103] T. L. Friedman the world is flat: a brief history of the twenty first century (London, 2006) 69

[104] T. L. Friedman the world is flat: a brief history of the twenty first century (London, 2006) 6

[105] T. L. Friedman the world is flat: a brief history of the twenty first century (London, 2006) 117

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[168] V.J.MILLER, “Where is the Church? Global and Catholicity” in Theological Studies 2.69 (2008) 412-432.

[169] http/en/wikipedia/pope paul vi/Populorum progression (access 5.12.2009).

[170] J. THAVIS, “Social Effects of Sin Greater than Ever, says Vatican official,” http:/www.catholicnewsservice.com/Vatican / Populorum progression (access 5.12.2009).

[171] J. THAVIS, “Social Effects of Sin Greater than Ever, says Vatican official,” http:/www.catholicnewsservice.com/Vatican / Populorum progression (access 5.12.2009).

[172] http/en/wikipedia/pope john paul ii/mater et magistra (access 5.12.2009).

[173] V.J.MILLER, “Where is the Church? Global and catholicity” in Theological Studies 2.69 (2008) 412-432

[174] S. Fernandas “The Fire of Love and the Wisdom of Truth” in Vidyajyothi Journal Of Theological Reflection, 13.9 (sep 2009)1-3.

[175] Eph (4:15).

[176] Pope Benedict XVI, Caritas In Veritate as quoted by S. Fernandez “The Fire of Love and the Wisdom of Truth” in Vidyajyothi Journal of Theological Reflection, 13.9 (Sep 2009)1-3.

[177] Nancy Frazier O’Brien “Encyclical breaks new ground on social issues” in catholic news letter http:/www.catholicnewsservice/commentary/ encyclical (accessed on 5.12.2009).

[178] Pope Benedict XVI, Caritas In Veritate as quoted by S. Fernandez “The Fire of Love and the Wisdom of Truth” in Vidyajyothi Journal of Theological Reflection, 13.9 (Sep 2009)1-3.

[179] Pope Benedict XVI, Caritas In Veritate as quoted by S. Fernandez “The Fire of Love and the Wisdom of Truth” in Vidyajyothi Journal of Theological Reflection, 13.9 (Sep 2009)1-3.

[180] Pope Benedict XVI, Caritas In Veritate as quoted by S. Fernandez “The Fire of Love and the Wisdom of Truth” in Vidyajyothi Journal of Theological Reflection, 13.9 (Sep 2009)1-3.

[181] S. Fernandas “The Fire of Love and the Wisdom of Truth” in Vidyajyothi Journal Of Theological Reflection, 13.9 (sep 2009)1-3.

[182] Pope Benedict XVI, Caritas In Veritate as quoted by S. Fernandez “The Fire of Love and the Wisdom of Truth” in Vidyajyothi Journal of Theological Reflection, 13.9 (Sep 2009)1-3.

[183] Cf. Nancy Frazier, “Encyclical breaks new ground on social issues” in catholic news letter http:/www.catholic newsservice/commentary/ encyclical (accessed on 5.12.2009).

[184] Cf. Nancy Frazier, “Encyclical breaks new ground on social issues” in catholic news letter http:/www.catholic news service/commentary/ encyclical (accessed on 5.12.2009).

[185] S. Fernandas “The Fire of Love and the Wisdom of Truth” in Vidyajyothi Journal of Theological Reflection, 13.9 (Sep 2009)1-3.

· [186] Jean Porter “Search For A Global Ethic” Theological Studies Issue 1 Vol : 62 (2001) 105 – 121

· [187] Jean Porter “Search For A Global Ethic” Theological Studies Issue 1 Vol : 62 page 105 – 121 year 2001

· [188] Zenon Cardinal Grocholewksi “The Task Of Catholic Education In A Global And Pluralist Context” Third Millennium Page 7- 24 year 2008

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· [190] Zenon Cardinal Grocholewksi “The Task Of Catholic Education In A Global And Pluralist Context” Third Millennium Page 7- 24 year 2008

· [191] Antony Kelly “The global significances of Natural law a communication problem” Studia Moralia Issue :47 Vol : 1 page 141-168 year 2009

[192] BISHOP GIROTTI L'Osservatore Romano as quoted by J. THAVIS in “Social effects of sin greater than ever”, http:/www.catholicnewsservice.com/Vatican / Populorum progression (access 5.12.2009).

· [193] R. Kuttykattu “Global Market Melt Down: A Moral Audit” in Vidyajothi journal of theological Reflection Issue: 5 Vol : 73 page 41:55 year 2009

· [194] R. Kuttykattu “Global Market Melt Down: A Moral Audit” in Vidyajothi journal of theological Reflection Issue: 5 Vol : 73 page 41:55 year 2009

·

[195] BISHOP GIROTTI L'Osservatore Romano as quoted by J. THAVIS in “Social effects of sin greater than ever”, http:/www.catholicnewsservice.com/Vatican / Populorum progression (access 5.12.2009).

[196] M. ELILADE. “Trinity” in The Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.15 (New York, 1987) 53-57.

[197] M. ELILADE. “Trinity” in The Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.15 (New York, 1987) 53-57.

[198] Thes: 5:18-19; Gal: 3:11-14. as quoted by M. ELILADE. “Trinity” in The Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.15 (New York, 1987) 53-57.

[199] M. CARROLL, “Augustine”, in A Theological Encyclopaedia Of Holy Trinity (USA, 1987) 42

[200] Augustine, Trinity 1.4.7, 1.12.25 as quoted by M. CARROLL, A Theological Encyclopaedia Of Holy Trinity (USA, 1987) 42.

[201] M. CARROLL, “Augustine”, in A Theological Encyclopaedia Of Holy Trinity (USA, 1987) 42.

[202] M. CARROLL, “Aquinas Thomas”, in A Theological Encyclopaedia Of Holy Trinity (USA, 1987) 42

[203] M. CARROLL, “Aquinas Thomas”, in A Theological Encyclopaedia Of Holy Trinity (USA, 1987) 42

[204] N. J. ORNEROD “Two Points Of Four: Rahner And Loneruan On Trinity, Incarnation, Grace And Beatific Vision” in Theological Studies 661-374 2007

[205] M. CARROLL, “Karl Rahner”, in A Theological Encyclopaedia Of Holy Trinity (USA, 1987) 42

[206] N. J. ORNEROD “Two Points Of Four: Rahner And Loneruan On Trinity, Incarnation, Grace And Beatific Vision” in Theological Studies 661-374 2007

[207] M. CARROLL, “Economics and Religion”, in A Theological Encyclopaedia Of Holy Trinity (USA, 1987) 42

[208] M. CARROLL, “Economics and Religion”, in A Theological Encyclopaedia Of Holy Trinity (USA, 1987) 42

[209] S. Fernandas “The Fire of Love and the Wisdom of Truth” in Vidyajyothi Journal of Theological Reflection, 13.9 (Sep 2009)1-3.

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[U1]Footnote ,97

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[U3]Footnote ,97

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